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fathead minnow
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) Photo © Uland Thomas
Features and Behaviors
The fathead minnow grows to an average of one and one-half to three inches in length. It lives about three years. It has a blunt, rounded snout and short, rounded fins. Its body surface in front of the dorsal fin is broad and flat and contains scales that are smaller than those on the other parts of the fish. A dark stripe is present in the middle of the brown or yellow-green back. The sides are silvery, often with a dark stripe. The belly is silver-white. The breeding male is black with a broad, yellow bar around the body behind the head and another beneath the dorsal fin. Large tubercles (bumps) develop on his chin and snout.
The fathead minnow lives in streams of all sizes but is most abundant in small, intermittent prairie creeks. This fish is tolerant of high temperature, turbidity and low oxygen and is thus able to survive in small pools when the rest of its stream dries up. It lives in schools in midwater or near the bottom. Most fathead minnows mature in their second year. Spawning occurs May through early August. The female deposits as many as 12,000 eggs on sub-merged objects. The male remains with the eggs until they hatch. A female may spawn 12 or more times in a single summer. This fish eats algae, plant materials, aquatic insects and small crustaceans.
Illinois Range
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Leuciscidae
Illinois Status: common, native
